This keeps the population healthy and provides an important safeguard for the species. + See Table 3 (Guidelines for modifying status assessment based on rescue effect). Records based on tagging (Bryant 1990, 1998), radio-telemetry (Bryant and Page 2005) and DNA analysis (Kruckenhauser et al. Bryant, A.A. 1997. This was the result of a distinct phase of population increase following a historic low in 2003 and then a decrease from 2012 to 2017. Vancouver Island Marmot is a fossorial herbivore that hibernates from early October through late April. Criterion C (Small and declining number of mature individuals): Meets endangered C2a(i) as there are fewer than 2500 mature individuals and a continuing decline with no population having more than 250 mature individuals. Natural subalpine meadows are thought to be created and maintained by avalanches, slow movement of snow downhill (that is, snow-creep), fire or a combination of those processes (Milko and Bell 1986). Not surprisingly, there is considerable annual variation in reproduction in the wild population (Figure 5, Table 2). New fur is particularly dark and almost black in young of the year. Many marmots colonized and reproduced successfully in human-altered habitats. [accessed December 2017]. The Vancouver Island marmot is a small, robust-bodied mammal related to the squirrels. They are designated as “Identified Wildlife” by the Province of British Columbia (Province of British Columbia 2004), which means they are given special management considerations under the British Columbia Forest and Range Practices Act. Blood. Population growth was the result of both reproduction in the wild and the release of captive-born marmots; a captive-breeding population was established in 1997. IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. [accessed June 2018]. The loss of genetic variation could be mitigated through occasional translocation of individuals between subpopulations. The identified threats affect all locations, but the severity varies. 1 to 70 pp. Spatially, the Canadian distribution of Vancouver Island Marmot is composed of four geographically isolated sub-populations. September, 2016. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Elizabeth A. Gillis for writing the status report on Vancouver Island Marmot, Marmota vancouverensis, in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment and Climate Change Canada. In 2003, the wild Vancouver Island Marmot population dipped below 30 individuals, but with recovery … 99 to 131 in J.B. Nyberg and D.W. Janz (eds.). Also, colonies that become established in high-elevation cut-blocks may not be detected because they occur on private land where public access is restricted; annual marmot surveys by researchers are not routinely conducted in cut-blocks unless known to be occupied. 2006), although Werner (2005, 2018) reported that during the active season in which they were released, captive-released marmots had a 50% smaller home range, engaged in more social interactions, and initially were warier (as measured by flight distance) than wild-born marmots. FSC and PEFC certified. Humans recreating near marmot colonies probably benefit marmots because marmot predators may avoid areas of high human use. Between 1997 and 2016, captive marmots lived to an average age of 6.4 years for males (range = 0.1 to 11.5) and 8.2 for females (range = 0.1 to 14.6; McAdie personal communication 2017). in early spring, with a shift to forbs, especially Broad-leaved Lupine (Lupinus latifolius) and Sunflower (Eriophyllum lanatum) in summer and fall. Victoria, Victoria, BC. Also, following normal successionary processes, including planting and regrowth of trees, cut-blocks become unsuitable as marmot habitat. Armitage (2014) classified Vancouver Island Marmot as having a restricted family social system characterized by social groups composed of one male marmot, one to three females, their yearlings, and young; group hibernation; and dispersal by two-year-old individuals. Herbicides used by forestry companies are specific, mostly on roadside brush or out of control plantations. Morrison, C.D., M.S. Mail: PO Box 2332 Stn A, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 6X6 Annually, backcountry hikers and Vancouver Island residents report marmot sightings to provincial biologists and the Marmot Recovery Foundation (Jackson personal communication 2017a). Logging at high elevation near marmot habitat (that is, >700 m) is therefore an indirect threat to Vancouver Island Marmot. Kenagy, C. Zawadzki, R. Robles, E.A. Hunting and collecting terrestrial animals. Physiological Zoology 63:803 to 820. Alarm calling in three species of marmots. BC Hydro Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program. The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) is a colonial ground squirrel related to the hoary marmot M. caligata and Olympic marmot M. Olympus. 7 pp and 6 maps. A successful captive- breeding program at the Calgary and Toronto Zoos, Mountain View Conservation Centre, and the Tony Barrett Mount Washington Recovery Centre is providing the means to restore wild populations. There is no possibility of a natural rescue effect as there are no wild populations of Vancouver Island Marmot outside Vancouver Island, British Columbia. I studied the social behaviour of the Vancouver Island marmot, Marmota vancouverensis, during the summers of 1973 and 1974. Escape-burrows to avoid predators include shallow excavations under a rock or tree root. 2015). Ministry of Forests and B.C. Predation by native predators (Cougar. If logging occurred in this part of Mount Washington, it is unknown how the marmots that use the hibernacula within this forested habitat would respond. The Committee meets to consider status reports on candidate species. Nyberg, J.B. 1990. Kuhnlein, H.V., and M.M. Vancouver Island Marmot also uses forested areas as low as 700 m above sea level where clearings that mimic natural meadows are created by anthropogenic activities such as logging, mining developments, and ski facilities. Indeed, the marmot population in the wild has increased in the recent past. Univ. Werner, J.R. 2005. Cut-blocks are ecological traps with colonies going extinct 10 years after colonization (median value, range from 5 to 19 years; Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team 2008). Total populations for any one year are subdivided to show the proportion of wild living and captive releases. 1989. Duration of hibernation is significantly shorter in captivity (Bryant and McAdie 2003). Genus: Marmota Jackson, C.L., R. Schuster, and P. Arcese. The reason for the decline varied among years. The body mass is typically between 2 and 10 kg (4.4 and 22 lb). Conservation Data Centre 2017a). To do this, partial disparities (Foote, 1997; Zelditch et al., 2004) of shape and size are computed, standard errors are estimated by bootstrap, and species are com-pared to test whether divergence in M. vancouverensis is British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 1991), perhaps as a numerical response to deer populations (Bunnell 1990, Bryant and Page 2005). It is one of only five endemic species of mammal in Canada. Vancouver Island Marmot project final report, 2014. Thompson Rivers University. Roach, N. 2017. Under a “worst case” scenario, up to 97% of the suitable marmot habitat on Vancouver Island may disappear by 2080. Loss of genetic diversity associated with a small population size may increase the susceptibility of marmots to disease. Marmot phylogeny revisited: molecular evidence for a diphyletic origin of sociality. Predator discrimination and ‘personality’ in captive Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis Swarth, 191 1). Vancouver Island Marmot was assessed as endangered by COSEWIC in April 1978, April 1997, May 2000, April 2008, and May 2019. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Vancouver Island Marmot Marmota vancouverensis in Canada. 2015). : 819-938-4125 B.C. McAdie, M. 2018. Recovery strategy for the Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) in British Columbia. 2018). It might be possible for Hoary and Vancouver Island Marmot to hybridize as they are sister species and there is evidence of past genetic introgression of Hoary Marmot DNA in Vancouver Island Marmot. Locations of potential Vancouver Island Marmot habitats within Strathcona Provincial Park. In the past, two marmots drowned (along with several other species) in a reservoir because the lining material was slippery and the marmots could not climb out. The British Columbia Park Act affords habitat protection to marmots living in Provincial Parks. Purpose: Management of critical habitat for the Vancouver Island Marmot. Page. Naturally low reproductive rate There are two groups of workers that would frequent marmot colonies - marmot researchers and employees of the Mount Washington ski resort. = 127, max. In addition, emergence holes in the snow during the spring are easily identifiable and can often be spotted from the air. Predation can also be mitigated by management activities, including legal hunting and trapping. September, 2016. Between 2015 and 2017, however, the mature marmot population declined by >15% per year. These meadows are the first to become clear of snow and produce the early grasses and sedges the marmots rely upon when they emerge from hibernation. nov. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae). Park Act. = 86, max. Martell, A.M., and R.J. Milko. St. Claire (eds.). Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 97:1630 to 1633. Endangered Species Act (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1984, 2017). In fall 2018, the Mount Washington Recovery Centre re-opened as a year-round captive breeding facility. Keeley, T., K.L. The model predicted that high rates of predation, consistent with survival estimates observed during the most recent population decline, will cause the extinction of Vancouver Island Marmot, but this trajectory could be reversed by reducing predation or by augmenting the wild population with large numbers (> 60) of captive-born marmots annually. Finally, Vancouver Island Marmot is a foreign mammal listed under the U.S. SARA establishes COSEWIC as an advisory body ensuring that species will continue to be assessed under a rigorous and independent scientific process. Vancouver Island marmot, M. vancouverensis endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada Yellow-bellied marmot , M. flaviventris found in southwestern Canada and western United States Additionally, four extinct species of marmots are recognized from the fossil record: The behavior of Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). Masters of Environmental Science Showcase. Jackson, C. 2014. BC Species and Ecosystems Explorer. Marmot biology: Sociality, Individual Fitness, and Population Dynamics. The population declined precipitously during the 1990s, with only ~70 individuals remaining in the wild by 1997. 1997 to 2016 data originally published in Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team (2017); figure updated and used with permission. Vancouver Island marmots live in small colonies in the subalpine parkland. x + 41 pp. Parks, Parksville, British Columbia. 1983. September, 2016. Bryant, A.A. 1996. Pups, usually 3 or 4 in a litter, are not seen above ground until late June or July. The maximum straight-line dispersal distance recorded for a wild-born marmot is 31 km although in 2015 an untagged adult male Vancouver Island Marmot was trapped in Bamfield, greater than 60 km from the nearest known colony (Marmot Recovery Foundation 2015, Pendergast personal communication 2015). Much has been written about the “adaptability” of Vancouver Island Marmot to a human-modified landscape (Munro et al. These activities appear to have few negative effects, although there is always a small risk that a marmot could be hit by a mountain bike or a dog accompanying a hiker could kill a marmot or transmit a disease. A minimum of 235 marmots was counted in 1984, but it is likely that the population numbered 300 to 350 at this time, with most of the population in meadow-like habitats created by human activities. No. Mount Washington does not use herbicides but there is a contaminated old mine site at Mount Washington. The potential effects of climate change on the habitat range of the Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis). 2008. The detection probability of marmot colonies is relatively high, as the species is large, vocal, diurnal, and the burrows are easy to identify. There may be some short term negative impact of trail creation, but this will be negated by a longer term net benefit to marmots because the cleared areas, if maintained, will increase the amount and quality of habitat for marmots. In total, the population increased by 288 or 284%, assuming exponential or linear growth, respectively. 1983. Pp. Annual population surveys since 1979 indicate that marmot numbers at least doubled during the 1980s, with most of this increase occurring in new habitats created by logging of old-growth forests. In the absence of mitigation, tree growth will have a negative effect. 30 to 32 in P.S, Soorae (ed. Mass gain is influenced by local conditions and reproductive status, but an average adult female gains 15 to 18 g per day (COSEWIC 2008). Kruckenhauser, L., A.A. Bryant, S.C. Griffin, S.J. Jackson, C., personal communication 2017a. Swarth, H.S. Rosana Soares created the current distribution map. Production note: The 2000 COSEWIC assessment and update Status Report on the Vancouver Island marmot is based on the existing status report with an addendum. Vancouver Island marmots live neither in the forest nor on the rocky mountaintops. Both males and females lose up to 1/3 of their body mass in hibernation making seasonal weight variation from spring emergence to the onset of hibernation significant. Heard, D.C. 1977. Like other alpine-dwelling marmot species, Vancouver Island Marmot is limited by low reproductive output. Long term, the amount of natural habitat available to Vancouver Island Marmot is decreasing; climate change has resulted in forests replacing subalpine meadow habitat. The Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, provides full administrative and financial support to the COSEWIC Secretariat. For the counts of the total population and mature marmots, the minimum and maximum values averaged 13.1% (SD = 6.1%, n = 8) and 15.2% (SD = 5.6%, n = 8) below and above the reported count, respectively. Yearlings generally expand their movements farther from home but usually return to hibernate with their mom a second time. Roughly the size of a house cat, these members of the rodent family are extremely sociable, often seen greeting one another with nose-touching and play fighting. Through the mid-late 1990's (Janz et al. Recovery efforts for Vancouver Island Marmots, Canada. COSEWIC: Designated endangered in April 1978. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Vancouver Island marmot Marmota vancouverensis in Canada. The typical herbicide is glyphosate with spot application through backpack sprayer. History of habitat and the decline of the Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis). Report on a collection of birds and mammals from Vancouver Island. The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) is the rarest of all the North American species of marmot; it exists solely on Vancouver Island. Total populations for any one year are subdivided to show proportion of: wild-living marmots (wild-born marmots and captive released marmots that survived at least one hibernation in the wild); captive releases that survived until their first hibernation; marmots removed from the wild to establish and augment the captive breeding population. bringing the endangered Vancouver Island marmot back to its historical subalpine habitat in Strathcona Provincial Park. However, clearcuts provide temporary habitat and become unsuitable with succession. Classification of threats adopted from IUCN-CMP, Salafsky et al. 1978. 2015. They are categorized scientifically under the biological name (Marmota vancouverensis) and are regarded as the largest members of the squirrel family. British Columbia’s most famous marmot, and Canada’s most endangered mammal, the Vancouver Island Marmot can be found only on Vancouver Island. Dispersal and gene flow are less for small colonies, increasing genetic drift and the potential for inbreeding depression. 2017a. Colonies experiencing a population decline may be rescued by dispersing individuals if there is an active colony within dispersal distance. that to secure a future for the Vancouver Island Marmot the following overarching goals must be realized: Maximize existing biological information as a foundation that can guide science-based wildlife management and financial investment; Accurately determine the size, trend, and drivers of Vancouver Island marmot populations in the There are numerous potential ways in which non-native diseases could enter the marmot population, but the risk and potential impact is unknown. 2009) suggest that the colonies in the Nanaimo Lakes region were connected through occasional dispersal movements. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Number of Cities: About fifty towns and cities are on Vancouver Island. MacDonald. For example, a litter may have appeared to have six pups, but only four pups were observed during the field observation. Smith. With the exclusion of Mount Washington, in 2013, there was an average 10.0 (SD = 10.3, range = 1 to 46, n = 29) marmots on each mountain where marmots were detected. Captive-born marmots apparently adjust successfully when returned to the wild, eating grasses and flowers, gaining mass, whistling when predators approach, digging burrows and hibernating at appropriate times (Bryant 2007). 1991. The vulnerability of Vancouver Island Marmot to predation might increase if they remain active later in the fall or emerge earlier in the spring. The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) is one of the largest members of the squirrel family (about the size of a large house cat). BEHAVIOR. [accessed December 2017]. Since the last assessment in 2008, the species has demonstrated a rapid population increase and then a subsequent decline; there are currently an estimated 88 to 101 mature animals in the wild. [accessed December 2017]. Laroque, C.P., D.H. Lewis, and D.J. Vancouver Island Marmot. Fax: 819-938-3984 Spreading Phlox (Phlox diffusa) is important in early summer. With intensive conservation efforts, their population is now approximately 200. Bryant, A.A. 2007. Chart illustrating population trend of captive Vancouver Island Marmots from 1997 to 2017. Ministry of Environment. There have been at least six recorded instances of Yellow-bellied Marmot reaching Vancouver Island via accidental transport in vehicles and goods (lumber). Armitage. Through the mid-late 1990's (Janz et al. It is notable for its chocolate brown fur, unique vocalizations, atypical skull characteristics, and highly social nature. There are four limiting factors for Vancouver Island Marmot: low rate of reproduction, small population size, limited suitable habitat within dispersal distance of current colonies, and genetic isolation (Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team 2017). Thus, count success has increased over time and population estimates since 2000 likely approach a true census. These years corresponded to three years of summer drought conditions on Vancouver Island and relatively little supplementation with captive-bred marmots (Figure 6). Bryant, A.A., and D.W. Janz. In 2014, an IUCN sponsored workshop was held to conduct a population and habitat viability analysis. 2014. Diet at other colonies is unknown. Species Summary: Marmota vancouverensis. Please check the FAQs for delivery times. Morphometrics and body condition indices and their health implications in captive, captive-release, and wildlife Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). The Vancouver Island marmot is closely related to the hoary marmot but is only found in the small pockets of mountainous areas on Vancouver Island. However the island is home to most of Canada’s Roosevelt elk population, and has two endemic species — the Vancouver Island marmot and the Vancouver Island wolf – along with North America’s most concentrated cougar population. Region: West Coast. Vancouver Island Marmot Habitat Improvement 2016 Mt Moriarty - Labour Day Lake Meadow. Dr. Gillis has been a member of the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team since 2008. A survey of 97 mountains with each classified in terms of habitat suitability for marmots was also conducted by Routledge and Merilees (1980). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:1755 to 1758. Results suggested that Vancouver Island Marmot had a high probability of persistence if survival rates were consistent with the observed growth of the population. Despite the appearance of sufficient suitable habitat for marmots, much of this habitat is not within natural dispersal distance of extant colonies, making it inaccessible to wild marmots (Bryant and Janz 1996). Ministry of Environment, Victoria, B.C. Jackson, C., S. Johnson, C. White, and D. Doyle. As one of the world’s most endangered mammals, the Vancouver Island marmot teeters on the brink of extinction. TimberWest, Island Timberlands, and Mount Washington Alpine Resort permitted the use of spatial data of Vancouver Island Marmot on their private lands, and Larissa Thelin and Jenny Wu calculated the extent of occurrence. Marmot Recovery Foundation, Nanaimo, British Columbia. c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Prepared for the B.C. = 142) Vancouver Island Marmot in the wild. When dispersing between mountains, Vancouver Island Marmot must travel through lower-elevation forests. Their scientific name is Marmota vancouverensis. Munro, W.T., D.W. Janz, V. Heinsalu, and G.W. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Vancouver Island Marmot Marmota vancouverensis in Canada. This rate includes the recruitment of captive-released marmots into the wild population, so the rate of decline based on reproduction and survival of marmots in the wild population was even greater. COSEWIC. Également disponible en français sous le titre Évaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la Marmotte de l’île de Vancouver (, , in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.” PLoS One 12 (8):e0183375, Species at Risk Act: COSEWIC assessments and status reports, Wildlife species description and significance, Acknowledgements and authorities contacted, Appendix 1. Marmot Recovery Foundation, Nanaimo, British Columbia. It is unlikely that the two species would hybridize even if in the same habitat. Hibernacula are presumably deep enough to reach below the frost line. The Vancouver Island marmot, Canada’s most endangered mammal, is only found in the wild on Vancouver Island mountains. Most dispersal distances, however, are less than 10 km (Table 3). Vancouver Island marmots live in small groups called colonies. Furthermore, the small size of the current wild population makes the population more susceptible to disease and stochastic demographic or weather events. 2017b. If a disease outbreak occurred at any of the four locations, it could impact all the colonies at that location. Previous report(s): COSEWIC. Cardini, A., R.S. Like their relatives, they have strong shoulder muscles and strong claws to help them dig. Email Correspondence to E. Gillis. U.S. The Vancouver Island marmot is considered one of the rarest animals in North America and their wild population numbered fewer than 30 in 2001. Naughton, D. 2012. As with escape burrows, they typically occur under boulders or a tree-root system. B.C. In 2017, six colonies were monitored with wildlife cameras, with most colonies having one or two cameras. 10: 1 to 124. This trend is supported by data on tree growth (Laroque et al. Sites with solitary marmots are also shown. Cortisol and conservation: understanding barriers to the recovery of a critically endangered species using stress physiology. 1999. Most natural meadows occupied by Vancouver Island Marmot during 1972 to 2006 encompassed only a few hectares (Bryant and Janz 1996). 1985). Learn More: Anyone who sees a Vancouver Island marmot is encouraged to report the sighting by calling 1 877 … In 2003, only 30 of these small, furry animals were thought to remain in the wild. Recovery strategy for the Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) in British Columbia. Of within and between-colony microsatellite variation in the wild has increased in the spring has been small an! People and agencies assisted in gathering data in the wild population ( Figure 4 ) free, may,. Supplementation resulted in a small handful of mammals is their size range and D.J allow new colonies to be and! 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