Id. 101See What we Do, OSCE, https://www.osce.org/what-we-do. Id. Allies envisaged that NATO’s role would be to assist and facilitate the process of enhancing civil preparedness of Allies. Mag. 1 The author is grateful to Mr. Steven Hill, NATO IS Legal Adviser and Director of NATO IS Office of Legal Affairs, as well as to Ms. Lone Kjelgaard and Mrs. Nadia Marsan, NATO Senior Assistant Legal Advisers, for their precious advice, comments, and suggestions on various legal issues examined in this commentary. procedures for environment protection during military operations, refueling procedures and specifications for common ground station for unmanned aerial vehicles used by NATO forces. With regard to political collaboration, the report urged Allies to consult among themselves on any political issues significantly affecting the Alliance or any issues of interest to the Alliance. To this point, the then foreign minister of Canada and later its Prime Minister, Louis St. Laurent, argued that besides being a military force, the Alliance must be also an economic and morale force “as the struggle was for the control of men’s minds and men’s souls.” 14The Drafting of the Treaty, supra note 3, at 9. 21 N. Atlantic Treaty Org. In other words, operability seeks to enable effective cooperation among Allies, to achieve, for example, maximum use of existing resources, to avoid their duplication, and most importantly to overcome differences among Allies in military equipment, communication systems, military procedures and tactics and legal regulations. 74See Resilience and Article 3, supra note 48. 4, 1949, 63 Stat. By 2015, it was spending just $4.6 billion, but that still managed to push it over the NATO threshold. NATO also seeks to achieve interoperability with partner nations. 2241, 34 U.N.T.S. The pro-NATO side scored a big win last week when the far-right Sweden Democrats, who are angling for closer cooperation with the center-right bloc in a range of policy areas, reversed a previous anti-NATO stance and backed a motion for Sweden to adopt a so-called NATO option — allowing it to join NATO at some point in the future. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. 99 S.C. Res. “In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack.” 27 North Atlantic Treaty, supra note 2, art. 41 Interpretative Minute of the 18th Meeting of the Washington Exploratory Talks on Security on 15 March 1949. (Feb. 2018), https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_02/20180213_1802-factsheet-cyber-defence-en.pdf. We work hard to help our students feel welcome and valued for their unique skills and perspectives. 104See North Atlantic Treaty, supra note 2, art. The European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) are two main treaty-based Western organisations for cooperation between member states, both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.Their natures are different and they operate in different spheres: NATO is a purely intergovernmental organisation functioning as a military alliance whose primary task is to implement article … 49 Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations on Exec. 29, 1949) (copy on file with the author) [hereinafter The Drafting of the Treaty]. 1546 (June 8, 2004). .” 35Id. This seems to be the case in relation to 2% and 20% targets contained in the Wales Summit Declaration. It is therefore imperative for NATO and Allies to establish a good cooperation with the private sector. 17Id. C-M(56)127, ¶¶ 51, 57 (Dec. 1956), https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17481.htm. This cooperation includes but is not limited to combating transnational threats, including terrorism and cyber threats, border management and security, disarmament, small arms and light weapons, confidence and security-building measures, regional issues and exchange of experience on the respective Mediterranean dimensions. Moreover, it makes itself capable of receiving assistance from other Allies and providing assistance to other Allies. (June 6, 2017), https://www.nato.int/cps/em/natohq/topics_84112.htm. 3. 78 Wales Summit Declaration, supra note 57 ¶¶ 72–73. The state administration was solely and exclusively responsible for maintaining a well-functioning infrastructure together with sufficient civil resources. Finally, the report recommended the creation of a NATO Committee of Economic Advisers, which was eventually created in 1957. 37Id. In this regard, Iceland is a perfect example. 3. 1 The author is grateful to Mr. Steven Hill, NATO IS Legal Adviser and Director of NATO IS Office of Legal Affairs, as well as to Ms. Lone Kjelgaard and Mrs. Nadia Marsan, NATO Senior Assistant Legal Advisers, for their precious advice, comments, and suggestions on various legal issues examined in this commentary. 63 Jan Techau, The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe, Carnegie Europe (Sep. 2, 2015), https://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/02/politics-of-2-percent-nato-and-security-vacuum-in-europe-pub-61139. 11 In many ways the focus on complementarity and the avoidance of duplication with other international organizations has been a constant theme in NATO’s history, see, e.g. 92 It is indeed important to emphasize that the Washington Treaty aims for preservation of peace and security worldwide, not only within the North Atlantic area. Nevertheless, failing to do so does not necessarily put the Ally in violation of Article 3 of the Washington Treaty if the Ally contributes to its resilience and resilience of the Alliance in other forms as it has been described before. Resilient energy, 75 Stable and reliable energy supply, the diversification of import routes, suppliers and energy resources, and the interconnectivity of energy networks are of crucial importance, see Press Release, NATO, Warsaw Summit Communiqué, (July 9, 2016). Economic collaboration was introduced into Article 2 by Canada. (1949) at 10. The pledge called on each Ally to aim at spending at least 2% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on defense and spending at least 20% of its defense budget ‘‘on major new equipment, including related Research & Development . 121,133 (2018). They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them. In addition, partnerships might better prepare interested partner nations to join the Alliance. By 2015, it was spending just $4.6 billion, but that still managed to push it over the NATO threshold. In early 2003 NATO settled on only three ribbon styles - one for the NATO Meritorious Service Medal, one for Article 5 operations, and one for non-Article 5 operations. With regard to NATO’s cooperation with other international organizations, NATO places a great emphasis on cooperation with the EU, U.N., and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). 2, Apr. 7, 2016), https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_69332.htm. 88 NATO, Framework for NATO Industry Engagement ¶ 8.1 (2013). L, North Atlantic Treaty, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. (Nov. 18, 2011), https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_58787.htm?selectedLocale=en; Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, North Atlantic Treaty Org. pmbl. 76Resilience and Article 3, supra note 48. 56See id. 9, 2017), https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49276.htm. In the past, the infrastructure—railways, ports, airfields, grids, airspace, etc.—was mainly state-owned and consequently easily available to the state or NATO armed forces in a crisis. NATO is adapting to security threats in cyberspace despite vulnerabilities exploited in the COVID-19 pandemic, Deputy Secretary Mircea Geoana said on Monday. In essence, the phrase indicates that resilience of the Alliance against armed attack can be best achieved through individual and common effort. The mandate of the Committee was to produce a report containing concrete measures and proposals to trigger and enhance non-military collaboration among Allies, such as political, economic, scientific, and cultural collaboration. In the two declarations, NATO and EU pledged to strengthen cooperation in the following areas: countering hybrid threats, operational cooperation at sea and on migration, cyber security and defense, defense capabilities, defense industry and research, exercises and supporting Eastern and Southern partners’ capacity-building efforts. See NATO Rapid Reaction Team to Fight Cyber Attack, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Mar. .’’ 57 Press Release, NATO, Wales Summit Declaration (Sept. 5, 2014). pmbl. In case of armed attack, the ability of the attacked state to effectively resist armed attack will be heavily dependent on the status of its civil infrastructure and the availability of civil resources. Ability to make decisions, communicate and enforce them in a crisis. The Emory Law network includes 10,000+ accomplished alumni across the nation and around the world. 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